**Every bite a pregnant woman takes can reshape her unborn child's genetic expression — not by altering the DNA sequence itself, but by influencing a chemical process called DNA methylation that switches genes on and off.** DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, carries the hereditary code passed from both parents to a baby at the moment of conception, determining traits from blood type to eye colour. Research from institutions including the University of Utah's Genetics Faculty shows that nutrients such as folic acid, B vitamins, and choline are critical methyl-donating compounds that directly affect the fetal epigenome during its earliest and most formative stages. Emerging science in nutrigenomics suggests that both maternal and paternal nutrition — and even environmental chemical exposures such as Bisphenol A (BPA) — can have health consequences that extend across multiple generations.
- DNA methylation plays a critical role in embryonic development, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, and preservation of chromosome stability.
- The University of Utah Genetics Faculty identifies folic acid, B vitamins, and SAM-e (S-Adenosyl methionine) as key nutrients in the methyl-making pathway that influences gene expression.
- Animal studies show that a diet deficient in methyl-donating folate or choline before or just after birth causes certain regions of the genome to remain under-methylated for life.
- When pregnant yellow mice were fed a methyl-rich diet, most of their pups were born brown and remained healthy for life, demonstrating that womb environment directly influences adult health.
- Bisphenol A (BPA), found in consumer products including water bottles and tin cans, was flagged in controversial safety reports in 2008 and appears to reduce methylation of the agouti gene in laboratory mice.
- Historical harvest records from a small Swedish community showed that food abundance for a paternal grandfather between ages nine and twelve was associated with a significantly shortened lifespan in his grandchildren, with early death linked to diabetes or heart disease.
- Royal jelly silences a key gene called Dnmt3, which codes for an enzyme that suppresses queen genes, causing genetically identical bee larvae to develop into queens rather than sterile workers.
Pregnancy and DNA - what you need to know
Most of us know the term, DNA, but unless you are involved in some aspect of the scientific or medical world, it’s unlikely to be a subject that you discuss very often
However, when you conceive, it may be a topic that naturally becomes more interesting for you. This article investigates pregnancy and DNA: it looks at what DNA is, what happens with a developing fetus during pregnancy, in terms of his/her DNA, along with the importance of nutrition.
What is DNA?
DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. Essentially a baby’s DNA is what makes them the girl or boy they turn out to be. DNA is the genetic code which makes the characteristics of any living being. Your baby, just like you did from your parents, will get his DNA from you and your partner. This inherited DNA can be referred to as hereditary material, as it is a body of information that is passed down from generation to generation. No one else has the same DNA as you, that is unless you happen to be an identical twin!
Shaped like a double helix, deoxyribonucleic acid is a big molecule, which consists of repeating units, known as nucleotides. Each of these contains a phosphate molecule and sugar, along with one of four organic bases, which together are like the backbone of DNA. What determines a person’s characteristics are the order of these organic bases within the molecule. These bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
Pregnancy and DNA
This hereditary material, DNA, is actually passed onto the embryo at the moment of conception. Numerous features are determined at this time, such as blood type and eye colour. The process actually starts during fertilisation, at which stage the parents’ genetic codes undergo a bonding process.
These bonded genes then become arranged in chains, not unlike a string of pearls. As the fetus develops, each time one of his cells splits, the cell creates an identical copy of itself in all cells. This chain of codes is a fascinating subject, yet it is one that scientists have yet to discover more about. What is known, however, is that while DNA predetermines many aspects of humans, these genetic code combinations are also influenced by both the fetus’ environment, and continue to be influenced and formed after birth.
1. Medical studies link DNA methylation and early nutrition
Following on from the concept that some of your unborn baby’s genetic code can be influenced by his “environment”, which is at that stage your womb, along with the nutrition he receives from you, then it is logical to consider what can potentially help his development. Medical studies have linked a process called DNA methylation and early nutrition together that they believe can potentially improve a fetus’ outcome in terms of health.
To get the jargon out of the way first, DNA methylation is a common epigenetic signalling tool that cells use to lock genes in the “off” position. For a number of decades now, scientific researchers have been studying DNA methylation and have learnt a great deal about it. They have discovered that DNA methylation is a very important component in many cellular processes, which include embryonic development, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting and preservation of chromosome stability. (3) There is still lots of research that needs to be done on this topic, and although a great deal of methylation occurs at the very earliest stages just after conception, it is a continual process, just to a lesser degree, according to current research.
2. University of Utah Genetics Faculty Synopsis
The Genetics Faculty of the University of Utah has done a good job of compiling this information, in a relatively easy to digest manner, which you can read below. At the end of this article, we also link to our feature about folic acid, due to its important role in all of this.
a. Nutrition & the Epigenome
Unlike behaviour or stress, diet is one of the more easily studied, and therefore better understood, environmental factors in epigenetic change. The nutrients we extract from the food enter metabolic pathways where they are manipulated, modified, and moulded into molecules the body can use.
One such pathway is responsible for making methyl groups – important epigenetic tags that silence genes. Familiar nutrients like folic acid, B vitamins, and SAM-e (S-Adenosyl methionine, a popular over-the-counter supplement) are key components of this methyl-making pathway. Diets high in these methyl-donating nutrients can rapidly alter gene expression, especially during early development when the epigenome is first being established. Let’s take a detailed look at the nutrients that affect our epigenome and the foods they come from. Nutrients from our food are funnelled into a biochemical pathway that extracts methyl groups and then attaches them to our DNA.
Diet during early development can have long-lasting effects Your mother’s diet during pregnancy and your diet as an infant can affect your epigenome in ways that stick with you into adulthood. Animal studies have shown that a diet with too little methyl-donating folate or choline before or just after birth causes certain regions of the genome to be under-methylated for life. For adults too, a methyl-deficient diet leads to a decrease in DNA methylation, but the changes are reversible when methyl is added back to diet.
b. Eating For Two
Experiments in mice show just how important a mother’s diet is in shaping the epigenome of her offspring. All mammals have a gene called agouti. When a mouse’s agouti gene is completely unmethylated, its coat is yellow and it is obese and prone to diabetes and cancer. When the agouti gene is methylated (as it is in normal mice), the coat colour is brown and the mouse has a low disease risk. Fat yellow mice and skinny brown mice are genetically identical. The fat yellow mice are different because they have an epigenetic “mutation.” When researchers fed pregnant yellow mice a methyl-rich diet, most of her pups were brown and stayed healthy for life. These results show that the environment in the womb influences adult health. In other words, our health is not only determined by what we eat but also what our parents ate.
c. Of Toxins and Supplements
Chemicals that enter our bodies can also affect the epigenome. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used to make polycarbonate plastic. It is in many consumer products, including water bottles and tin cans. Controversial reports questioning the safety of BPA came out in 2008, prompting some manufacturers to stop using the chemical. In the laboratory, BPA appears to reduced methylation of the agouti gene. In the strain of mice that were studied, yellow mothers give birth to pups with a range of coat colours from yellow to brown. When mothers were fed BPA, their babies were more likely to be yellow and obese.. However, when mothers were fed BPA along with methyl-rich foods, the offspring were more likely to be brown and healthy. The maternal nutrient supplementation had counteracted the negative effects of exposure.
d. Don’t Count Dad Out
So if a pregnant mother’s diet can affect the child’s epigenetic outcome, can Dad’s diet do the same? Quite possibly, according to scientists who delved into the well-kept, historical records of annual harvests from a small Swedish community. These records showed that food availability between the ages of nine and twelve for the paternal grandfather affected the lifespan of his grandchildren. But not in the way you might think. Shortage of food for the grandfather was associated with extended lifespan of his grandchildren. Food abundance, on the other hand, was associated with a greatly shortened lifespan of the grandchildren. Early death was the result of either diabetes or heart disease. Could it be that during this critical period of development for the grandfather, epigenetic mechanisms are “capturing” nutritional information about the environment to pass on to the next generation? Food abundance for the grandfather was associated with a reduced lifespan for his grandchildren.
e. The Emerging Field of Nutrigenomics
As we better understand the connections between diet and the epigenome, the opportunity arises for clinical applications. Just as mapping our gene variations gives us a window into our personalised medical needs, so might a profile of one’s unique epigenome. Formed through a lifetime of experiences beginning in the womb, our epigenome may provide a wealth of information about how to eat better. Enter the future field of nutrigenomics, where nutritionists take a look at your methylation pattern and design a personalised nutrition plan. While we’re not quite to that point yet, your doctor can already tell a lot about your disease risk by looking at your family health history.
f. A Bee’s Royal Diet
Royal jelly is a complex, protein-rich substance secreted from glands on the heads of worker bees. A larva destined to become a queen is fed large amounts of royal jelly inside a compartment called a queen cup. The larvae that develop into workers and queens are genetically identical. But because of her royal jelly diet, the queen will develop ovaries and a larger abdomen for egg-laying, while the worker will be sterile. She’ll also develop queenly behaviours: the instincts to kill rival queens, make communication sounds known as “piping,” and go on “mating flights.” The queen is fed only royal jelly for her entire life. In a series of experiments, scientists determined that royal jelly silences a key gene (Dnmt3), which codes for an enzyme that silences a group of queen genes. When Dnmt3 is turned “on,” the queen genes are epigenetically silenced, and the larvae develop into the default “worker” variety. But when royal jelly turns Dnmt3 “off,” the queen genes jump into action, turning the larvae into queens.
References and Folic Acid
(1) http://www.sciencemadesimple.co.uk/curriculum-blogs/biology-blogs/what-is-dna
(2) https://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-your-babys-dna_10354440.bc
(3) https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-role-of-methylation-in-gene-expression-1070
(4) http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/nutrition/
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DISCLAIMER
All articles on the blog and website are intended as information only. Please do not consider any of the information provided here as a substitute for medical advice. At all times seek medical advice directly with your own doctor and medical team.
ANNOUNCEMENT
This website was formerly Merrion Fetal Health. The clinic has undergone a rebrand and is now known as Merrion Ultrasound.
What is DNA and what does it stand for?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, a large molecule shaped like a double helix that carries the genetic code determining the characteristics of any living being. It consists of repeating units called nucleotides, each containing a phosphate molecule, sugar, and one of four organic bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. No two people share the same DNA, unless they are identical twins.
When is DNA passed on to a baby during pregnancy?
DNA is passed on to the embryo at the moment of conception, when the parents' genetic codes undergo a bonding process. Features such as blood type and eye colour are determined at this stage. As the fetus develops, each time a cell splits it creates an identical copy of itself across all cells.
What is DNA methylation and why does it matter during pregnancy?
DNA methylation is an epigenetic signalling process that cells use to lock genes in the "off" position. It is a very important component in embryonic development, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, and preservation of chromosome stability. Although most methylation occurs just after conception, research indicates it continues as a process throughout development.
Which nutrients affect DNA methylation during fetal development?
Folic acid, B vitamins, and SAM-e (S-Adenosyl methionine) are key nutrients involved in the biochemical pathway that produces methyl groups, which act as epigenetic tags that silence genes. Diets high in these methyl-donating nutrients can rapidly alter gene expression, especially during early development when the epigenome is first being established. Animal studies show that too little folate or choline before or just after birth can cause certain regions of the genome to remain under-methylated for life.
Can a father's diet affect a child's DNA or health outcomes?
According to scientists who studied historical harvest records from a small Swedish community, food availability for the paternal grandfather between the ages of nine and twelve affected the lifespan of his grandchildren. Food abundance for the grandfather was associated with a greatly shortened lifespan in grandchildren, with early death linked to diabetes or heart disease. This suggests epigenetic mechanisms may capture nutritional information from the environment and pass it to the next generation.
How does BPA affect fetal DNA methylation?
Bisphenol A (BPA), a compound found in polycarbonate plastics including water bottles and tin cans, appears to reduce methylation of the agouti gene in laboratory mice. When pregnant mice were fed BPA, their offspring were more likely to be obese and yellow-coated, indicating reduced methylation. However, when BPA-exposed mothers were also fed methyl-rich foods, the negative epigenetic effects were counteracted and offspring were more likely to be healthy.
What is nutrigenomics and how does it relate to pregnancy?
Nutrigenomics is an emerging field in which nutritionists examine an individual's methylation pattern to design a personalised nutrition plan. Because the epigenome begins forming in the womb and is shaped by diet throughout life, it may provide detailed information about how to optimise eating for better health outcomes. While fully personalised epigenomic nutrition plans are not yet clinically available, doctors can already assess disease risk through family health history.
How does a queen bee's diet change her DNA expression compared to worker bees?
Queen bee larvae are fed large amounts of royal jelly, which silences a key gene called Dnmt3 that would otherwise switch off a group of queen-specific genes. When Dnmt3 is turned off by royal jelly, the queen genes become active, causing the larva to develop ovaries, a larger abdomen, and queen-specific behaviours. Worker and queen larvae are genetically identical, making this a clear example of diet driving epigenetic change.